About the XGS-PON discussion (while it seems off topic for this thread but assuming it's allowed. If not, please let me know). A few misc things which impact this decision:
- You need high capacity on access if either end users are demanding lot more bandwidth than GPON can support or you need to add more users on PON branch and don't have much fibre. For now both cases are largely not true. You can find occasional cases but at large GPON access bandwidth as well as the split count is OK for now. People have more problems to handle but not the PON access bandwidth for now.
- Whether you call telcos greedy or it's just business is a personal choice. See when you need massive capital which is pulled from equity markets your competition is not just other telcos but equity market at large. Thus from investment side of things Airtel's competitor is not just Jio but HDFC bank, Tata Motors, Bajaj auto and what not. All these companies while are in different sectors are essentially competing for same pool of equity money. Thus optimisation becomes important. You cannot just say that earning a little less is OK to make geeks happier.

- Why 30Mbps as lowest tier and not 100Mbps - Well, ask yourself this question - how many people do you think right now will say "I want to have Airtel/Jio but won't have it because lowest tier is 30Mbps. I will buy it only when lowest tier is 100Mbps". That statement may be true for you or even geeky folks on this forum but for large base its not the case. Think of your uncle/aunt/neighbours etc. People who want it and can get it mostly go for it. People who cannot get it have to wait and it's a question of roll out capex and time. Thus there won't be significant jump in demand by offering higher base tier for now.
100Mbps plan on Jio is 50% more expensive than base 30Mbps plan. If you give 100Mbps on the base speed, what happens to folks paying 899 right now? You bump up their speed as well? Will people at large would happily go for it or ask to scale down and reduce cost? Most of people would feel that there's nothing 100Mbps cannot do and thus an upgrade won't be of much use and hence at large they will scale down and you just lost a part of your 50% extra pricing from those users without meaningful addition of new users. Thus base tier plan speed will eventually increase but only when there's a real meaningful demand. Else telcos just loose money by offering it aggressively. Smaller players offer it often because it acts as a good way to compete against the high brand values of large telcos. Majority of non-telco run ISPs have better plans for that reason.
- XGS-PON in Nepal - I had discussion with ISP friends who run network over there and actually asked them this question because there was some promo by Nokia about one of them using XGS-PON. Turns out it was mostly for test and there wasn't a roll out demand/plan/requirement for now. Will re-check if that has changed. Kathmandu if you see on the streets has quite a lot of dense overhead fibre. Doubt there's a business case which would justify XGS-PON for now.
- Our neighbours having better broadband penetration - I have seen this discussed around in different forums specially on India Vs Nepal or Bangladesh numbers. Surely one fact remains that size of area is large but other important thing to remember is that most of our broadband numbers are under-reported. This won't be true for large telcos, large multi-million dollar ISPs but for hundreds of smaller networks beyond them. ISPs tend to under report numbers to save on AGR. It's hard to know real numbers but they aren't as bad as projected.
Yeah its great that Nepal has high speed standards as of now but look at the size of that country.
@Skeeter I understand your argument is about size and I agree on that as well. But is this statement even true? Is internet in Kathmandu or Dhaka better than say Delhi?
Let's look at Ookla data:
Find out which countries have the fastest internet speeds in the world. View global monthly comparisons of fixed and mobile internet speeds.
www.speedtest.net
Ookla fixed broadband speed global performance city wise shows
Kathmandu: 71.03Mbps
Dhaka: 48.46Mbps
Delhi: 83.19Mbps
If you do country level comparison:
Nepal: 57.82Mbps (rank 89)
Bangladesh: 39.83 (rank 108)
India: 58.62Mbps (rank 87)
This despite of fact that area is so large. I am not going into speed comparison because speeds beyond a point have a lot to do with marketing, competition etc. Both Nepal and Bangladesh have expensive base tiers compared to India when looking at absolute INR and thus are way more expensive in Nepal when you add cost of living index.
But with that being said - smaller networks in both Nepal and Bangladesh have way higher cost of bandwidth for them because none of the large content network has built backbone over there.
Google, Facebook, Fastly,
Cloudflare,
Microsoft etc are all missing from there for peering. They do have caches but only in the large network. Thus overall per bit cost is much higher for players in these regions.